After intake, opioids can cause euphoria, which is one of the main reasons why they are taken for non-medical reasons.
Opioid medicines such as methadone and buprenorphine are used for maintenance treatment of opioid dependence. Opioids have analgesic and sedative effects, and are commonly used for the management of pain. The term “opioids” includes compounds that are extracted from the poppy seed as well as semisynthetic and synthetic compounds with similar properties that can interact with opioid receptors in the brain. The medication naloxone can prevent death from an opioid overdose if administered in time.There are effective treatment interventions for opioid dependence that can decrease the risk of overdose, yet less than 10% of people who need such treatment are receiving it.More than 70% of these deaths are related to opioids, with more than 30% of those deaths caused by overdose. Worldwide, about 0.5 million deaths are attributable to drug use.Due to their pharmacological effects, opioids can cause breathing difficulties, and opioid overdose can lead to death.Their non-medical use, prolonged use, misuse and use without medical supervision can lead to opioid dependence and other health problems.Opioids are commonly used for the treatment of pain, and include medicines such as morphine, fentanyl and tramadol.The term “opioids” includes compounds that are extracted from the poppy seed as well as semisynthetic and synthetic compounds with similar properties that can interact with opioid receptors in the brain.Other treatments including aminophylline and MARS can be used when patients do not respond to flumazenil, but the patient is at increased risk of complications due to prolonged coma. Flumazenil administration should be withheld whenever complications start to develop. To prevent flumazenil complications, it should be given in small (0.1-mg) slow (every one minute) doses to a maximum of 3 mg. The patients should be selected with caution, and flumazenil should not be routinely administered to all patients referred with loss of consciousness. The physicians generally prefer to treat benzodiazepine poisoning conservatively mainly due to fear of flumazenil side effects.įlumazenil is a great antidote in special circumstances and populations including elderly patients, pregnant patients, those with background disorders, and crowded emergency departments or when the patient refers with grave loss of consciousness and needs a vast work-up. Pure benzodiazepine poisoning or co-ingestion is extremely common worldwide.
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